Nutrition Transition in West Africa: Public Health Challenges, Socioeconomic Impacts, And Regional Policy Interventions

Abstract

West Africa is experiencing a significant nutrition transition characterized by a shift from traditional, nutrient-rich diets to those high in fats, sugars, and processed foods. This transformation is driven by rapid urbanization, globalization, income growth, and changing lifestyles. While the region continues to grapple with undernutrition, stunting, and micronutrient deficiencies, there is a growing prevalence of overweight, obesity, and diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular conditions—a phenomenon referred to as the “double burden” of malnutrition. The current narrative review explores the nutritional landscapes of West Africa region and their repercussions on the aspect of public-health. Based on peer-reviewed studies published since 2005 and until 2024, the review will take up the socio-economic, environmental, and cultural factors that influence the diet shift that is occurring; these include the increased availability of ultra-processing food commodities, reduced physical activity, and a corresponding drop in the daily food practices. The inpatient literature depicts the importance of policy-level changes that would focus on nutritional education, environmental design, and frail-resiliency plans in regards to the trends. The impact on vulnerable groups, especially women, children, and urban poor populations, is emphasized, highlighting the intersection of nutrition, inequality, and health outcomes. The paper further assesses current policies and interventions across the region, such as school feeding programs, food fortification initiatives, and public health campaigns. However, fragmented efforts, limited resources, and weak enforcement mechanisms hinder meaningful progress. The study advocates for integrated, region-specific strategies that prioritize both food security and healthy dietary practices. Strengthening nutrition surveillance, promoting sustainable agriculture, and fostering multi-sectoral collaboration are critical to reversing harmful dietary trends. Ultimately, addressing the nutrition transition in West Africa requires a coordinated public health response to safeguard the future health and productivity of its population.