Nutrigenomics and Chronic Disease Management: Customising Diets for Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Health

Abstract

The rising global prevalence of chronic diseases such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has intensified the need for innovative and personalized strategies in disease prevention and management. Nutrigenomics—the study of the interaction between nutrition and the genome—has emerged as a promising approach that bridges genetics, molecular biology, and dietary science. This review explores the application of nutrigenomics in customizing dietary interventions for individuals at risk of or living with T2DM and CVD, with a focus on optimizing metabolic health, reducing disease progression, and enhancing therapeutic outcomes. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the underlying genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that influence nutrient metabolism, insulin sensitivity, lipid profiles, and inflammatory pathways. It discusses how single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), gene-diet interactions, and epigenetic modifications affect individual responses to macro- and micronutrients. Key genes such as TCF7L2, FTO, APOE, and PPARG are evaluated for their roles in glucose and lipid metabolism. Additionally, the review highlights evidence-based nutrigenomic strategies—including high-fiber, low-glycemic index diets; omega-3 fatty acid supplementation; and polyphenol-rich food consumption—tailored to specific genetic profiles. The potential of nutrigenomics to guide precision nutrition, promote personalized dietary planning, and improve long-term outcomes in chronic disease management is critically analyzed. Challenges such as ethical considerations, clinical utility, accessibility, and the integration of genetic testing into standard healthcare practices are also discussed. Ongoing research and clinical translation are essential to maximize its benefits and ensure equitable application in diverse populations.